fiber, threadlike strand, usually pliable and capable of being spun into a yarn. Many different fibers are known to be usable; some 40 of these are of commercial importance, and others are of local or specialized use. Fibers may be classified as either natural or synthetic. The natural fibers may be further classed according to origin as animal, vegetable, or inorganic fibers.
Animal fibers are composed chiefly of proteins; they include silk silk, fine, horny, translucent, yellowish fiber produced by the silkworm in making its cocoon and covered with sericin, a protein. Many varieties of silk-spinning worms and insects are known, but the silkworm of commerce is the larva of the Bombyx mori,
..... Click the link for more information. , wool wool, fiber made from the fleece of the domestic sheep.
Composition and Characteristics
Wool consists of the cortex, overlapping scales (sharper and more protruding than those of hair) that may expand at their free edges causing fibers to
..... Click the link for more information. , and hair of the goat (known as mohair mohair, hair of the Angora goat or a large group of fabrics made from it, either wholly or in combination with wool, silk, or cotton. The Angora goat, native of Asia Minor for 2,000 years, is bred in other lands, e.g., the SW United States and South Africa.
..... Click the link for more information. ), llama and alpaca alpaca , partially domesticated South American mammal, Lama pacos, of the camel family. Genetic studies show that it is a descendant of the vicuña.
..... Click the link for more information. , vicuña vicuña , wild South American hoofed mammal, Vicugna vicugna, the smallest member of the camel family. It is 30 in. (75 cm) high at the shoulder, with a long, slender neck and pale, fawn coloring.
..... Click the link for more information. , camel, horse, rabbit, beaver, hog, badger, sable sable, species of marten, Martes zibellina, found in Siberia, N European Russia, and N Finland. This carnivorous mammal is highly valued for its thick, soft fur, which is dark brown or black, sometimes with white underparts and sometimes flecked with silver.
..... Click the link for more information. , and other animals. Vegetable fibers are composed chiefly of cellulose and may be classed as short fibers, e.g., cotton cotton, most important of the vegetable fibers, and the plant from which the fiber is harvested.
The Cotton Plant
The cotton plant belongs to the genus Gossypium of the family Malvaceae (mallow family).
..... Click the link for more information. and kapok kapok , name for a tropical tree of the family Bombacaceae (bombax family) and for the fiber (floss) obtained from the seeds in the ripened pods. The floss has been important in commerce since the 1890s; the chief source is Ceiba pentandra,
..... Click the link for more information. ; or long fibers, including flax flax, common name for members of the Linaceae, a family of annual herbs, especially members of the genus Linum, and for the fiber obtained from such plants. The flax of commerce (several varieties of L.
..... Click the link for more information. , hemp hemp, common name for a tall annual herb (Cannabis sativa) of the family Cannabinaceae, native to Asia but now widespread because of its formerly large-scale cultivation for the bast fiber (also called hemp) and for the drugs it yields.
..... Click the link for more information. , Manila hemp Manila hemp, the most important of the cordage fibers. It is obtained chiefly from the Manila hemp plant (Musa textilis) of the family Musaceae (banana family).
..... Click the link for more information. , istle, ramie, sisal hemp sisal hemp [from Sisal, former chief port of Yucatan], important cordage fiber obtained from the leaves of the sisal hemp plant, an extensively cultivated tropical agave (family Agavaceae or Liliaceae).
..... Click the link for more information. , and Spanish moss Spanish moss, fibrous grayish-green epiphyte (Tillandsia usneoides) that hangs on trees of tropical America and the Southern states, also called Florida, southern, or long moss.
..... Click the link for more information. . The chief natural inorganic fiber is asbestos asbestos, common name for any of a variety of silicate minerals within the amphibole and serpentine groups that are fibrous in structure and more or less resistant to acid and fire. Chrysotile asbestos, a form of serpentine, is the chief commercial asbestos.
..... Click the link for more information. . Fibers are also derived from other inorganic substances that can be drawn into threads, e.g., metals (especially gold and silver). Artificial fibers can be produced either by the synthesis of polymers (nylon nylon, synthetic thermoplastic material characterized by strength, elasticity, resistance to abrasion and chemicals, low moisture absorbency, and capacity to be permanently set by heat. After 10 years of research E. I.
..... Click the link for more information. ) or by the alteration of natural fibers (rayon rayon, synthetic fibers made from cellulose or textiles woven from such fibers; more rayon is manufactured than any other synthetic fiber. The name was adopted (1924), in preference to "artificial silk," by the U.S. Dept.
..... Click the link for more information. ).
Fibers are classified according to use as textile, cordage, brush, felt, filling, and plaiting fibers. The largest volume is used for textiles and cordage. The chief textile fibers used for clothing and domestic goods are cotton, wool, rayon, nylon, flax, and silk. Coarse-textured fibers (principally jute) are used for burlap, floor covering, sacks, and bagging materials. Cordage fibers include most of the long vegetable fibers and cotton. Brush fibers include istle, sisal, broomcorn, palmyra, and animal hairs. The chief felt fibers are rabbit and beaver hair. Filling fibers include horsehair, wool flock, kapok, cotton, and Spanish moss. Plaiting fibers are used for braided articles (e.g., hats, mats, and baskets) and include Manila hemp, sisal, rushes, and grasses.
Flax, hemp, and wool have been used extensively from remote times; cotton, however, became the leading commercial fiber c.1800. The demand for fibers was greatly increased by the invention of spinning and weaving machinery during the Industrial Revolution. The artificial fibers (see synthetic textile fibers synthetic textile fibers have revolutionized the textile industry. Such artificial fibers are usually long-chain polymers, produced industrially by the condensation of many small units.
..... Click the link for more information. ) have rapidly grown in diversity and extent of use since the development of rayon in 1884.
fiber
See
optical fiber and
fiber optics glossary.
fibre (
US),
fiber1. a natural or synthetic filament that may be spun into yarn, such as cotton or nylon
2. cloth or other material made from such yarn
3. Botanya. a narrow elongated thick-walled cell: a constituent of sclerenchyma tissue
b. such tissue extracted from flax, hemp, etc., used to make linen, rope, etc.
c. a very small root or twig
4. Anatomy any thread-shaped structure, such as a nerve fibre
fiber [
′fī·bər]
(botany)
An elongate, thick-walled, tapering plant cell that lacks protoplasm and has a small lumen.
A very slender root.
(mathematics)
The set of points in the total space of a bundle which are sent into the same element of the base of the bundle by the projection map.
(metallurgy)
The characteristic of wrought metal that indicates directional properties as revealed by etching or by fracture appearance.
The pattern of preferred orientation of metal crystals after a deformation process, usually wiredrawing.
(optics)
A transparent threadlike object made of glass or clear plastic, used to conduct light along selected paths.
(textiles)
An extremely long, pliable, cohesive natural or manufactured threadlike object from which yarns are spun to be woven into textiles.