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Ch'in |
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Ch'in, dynasty of China (221–206 B.C.)Ch'in (chĭn), dynasty of China, which ruled from 221 B.C. to 206 B.C. The word China is derived from Ch'in, the first dynasty to unify the country by conquering the warring feudal states of the late Chou Chou (jō), dynasty of China, which ruled from c.1027 B.C. to 256 B.C...... Click the link for more information. period. King Cheng took the title Shih Huang-ti or Shi Huangdi [first august emperor] in 221 B.C. and began to consolidate the new empire. In matters of state he was counseled by Li Ssu (d. 208 B.C.), a scholar of the Legalist school of philosophy, which emphasized the need for strict laws in social and political relations and for obedience to state authority. Under Shih Huang-ti, Ch'in extended the empire W to Guizhou, N to Gansu, and S to Tonkin in what is now Vietnam, and made the capital Xianyang (near modern Xi'an, Shaanxi prov.) the most splendid city of China; it is speculated that much of the Great Wall Great Wall of China, fortifications, c.1,500 mi (2,400 km) long, winding across N China from Gansu prov. to Hebei prov. on the Yellow Sea. The wall, running mostly along the southern edge of the Mongolian plain, was erected to protect China from northern nomads. ..... Click the link for more information. was built during his reign. To govern the vast empire, Ch'in abolished feudalism, instituted a centralized government that was the model for later unifying dynasties, established uniform laws, weights, and measures, standardized the written language, and built a network of roads and canals that converged on the capital. Ch'in Shih Huang-ti has been regarded as a brutal autocrat by many since he is said to have imposed harsh laws, levied heavy taxes, tolerated no criticism, and burned all books except the useful ones on medicine and agriculture. Shih Huang-ti died in 210 B.C. and was succeeded by a weakling son. Overburdened peasants revolted and overthrew the Ch'in dynasty in 206 B.C. Soon after, the Han Han (hän), dynasty of China that ruled from 202 B.C. to A.D. 220. ..... Click the link for more information. dynasty came to power in China. BibliographySee D. Bodde, China's First Unifier (1938, repr. 1967); D. Twitchett and M. Loewe, ed., The Cambridge History of China (Vol. 1, 1986). How to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, add the site to iGoogle, or visit webmaster's page for free fun content. |
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Using the dynastic history (Shiji and Hanshu), newly excavated legal fragments and other documents from the tombs of Han and the previous Qin dynasty, Biographies of Exemplified Women (by Liu Xiang), Zhuanchuan, Confucian and other pre-Qin and Han philosophical works, the author explores Chinese childhood from political, philosophical, cosmological and social contexts. Liu J, Xiao H, Lei F, Zhu Q, Qin K, Zhang X, et al. As Qin Hui makes clear, while peasants were de-citizenized with the rest of the population in the early post-liberation years, the reforms of the late 1970s and early 1980s, in particular the household responsibility system (HRS), allowed them to effect a partial re-citizenization in advance of the urban residents. |
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