Rape (redirected from rapers)

rape, territorial division, England

rape, name applied to each of the six obsolete territorial divisions (Hastings, Pevensey, Lewes, Bramber, Arundel, and Chichester) into which Sussex, England, is divided.

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rape, in botany

rape, in botany, annual herb (Brassica napus) of the family Cruciferae (mustard family), belonging to the same genus as the cabbage, the mustard plant, and the turnip (which it resembles in appearance). The origin of the rape is uncertain, and it is now known only as a cultivated plant. The seeds have been valued since ancient times for their oil content (30% to 45%). The oil, expressed or extracted by solvents, is used for lubricating, cooking, and illuminating purposes, for fuel, and for the manufacture of soap and synthetic rubber. Canola oil is also obtained from rape and is becoming widely used as a cooking oil because it has none of the deleterious effects of cholesterol and is completely digestible. A cake made of the seed residue is a valuable stock feed and a good nitrogenous fertilizer. Major producing areas include China, India, and Europe; the United States is one of the chief importers of the oil. Rape is also grown for forage, particularly for hogs; it is also sown as a cover crop (e.g., in orchards). Rape seed is used in birdseed mixtures. In North America, the plant is cultivated chiefly for forage—especially in the northern states and in Canada, because it can be grown as a winter-hardy biennial. Other similar species of Brassica are sometimes cultivated, especially in Asia for oil production. Rape is classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Capparales, family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae).

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rape, in law

rape, in law, the crime of sexual intercourse without the consent of the victim, often through force or threat of violence. The victim is deemed legally incapable of consenting if she or he is known to be mentally incompetent, intoxicated, drugged, or below the age of consent at the time of the rape. Such cases are known as statutory rape, and evidence of consent is not deemed relevant in court. Although the term rape has traditionally applied to the male use of force in sexual relations with females, applicable laws have been revised in many jurisdictions to include possibilities where a male is the victim.

Issues surrounding rape and the law have been fiercely debated for years in the United States, and recent efforts—particularly by feminist groups—have had marked success in expanding victims' rights. One important reform, which has been in effect in most states in recent years, has been the removal of statutes requiring that rape victims physically resist the attack. Prior to this reform, victims of rape were required to display clear signs of injury in order to prove that they did not consent to sexual relations. Another reform has made marital rape a crime in many circumstances, with South Dakota becoming the first state to institute such law reforms in 1975. In the 1980s, "date rape," or acquaintance rape, became an important issue, particularly on college campuses. Victims of date rape contend that they were raped by an individual with whom they were acquainted. In many such cases, the establishment of guilt becomes difficult, particularly in cases where the victim displays no physical evidence of violence and there is only the testimony of the victim. In international law, rape was designated (2000) a war crime by the Yugoslav tribunal established by the United Nations at The Hague. Rape can cause profound psychological trauma in its victims.

Bibliography

See D. E. Russell, The Politics of Rape (1984); S. Tomaselli and R. Porter, ed., Rape (1986); Z. Adler, Rape on Trial (1987); S. Estrich, Real Rape (1987).

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rape

Rape (Brassica napus)

(credit: Ingmar Holmasen)

Annual plant (Brassica napus) of the mustard family, native to Europe. This 1-ft-tall (30-cm) plant has a long, thin taproot; smooth, bluish-green, deeply scalloped leaves; and clusters of yellow flowers. Each round, elongated seedpod has a short beak and contains many seeds. The seeds yield an oil (rapeseed oil, or canola) that is the lowest in saturated fat of any edible oil, making it popular for use in cooking. It is also used as an ingredient in soap and margarine and as a lamp fuel.

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rape

Unlawful sexual activity, usually sexual intercourse, carried out forcibly or under threat of injury and against the will of the victim. Though traditionally limited to attacks on women by men, the definition of rape has been broadened to cover same-sex attacks and attacks against those who, because of mental illness, intoxication, or other reasons, are incapable of valid consent. Statutory rape, or intercourse with a person younger than a certain age (generally from 12 to 18 years), has long been a serious crime in most jurisdictions. Rape is widely considered an expression of anger or aggression and a pathological assertion of power by the rapist. The psychological responses of victims vary but usually include feelings of shame, humiliation, confusion, fear, and rage. Many rape victims fail to report the crime, deterred by the prospect of a distressing cross-examination in court and the difficulty of proving a crime for which there usually are no witnesses. In the late 20th century there was a notable increase in the use of rape as a weapon of war, and in the 1990s the tribunal investigating crimes stemming from genocide in Rwanda ruled that rape and sexual violence constituted a form of genocide. See also assault and battery.

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Rape

Amphissa

blinded by father Echetus for having been raped by Aechmodius. [Gk. Myth.: Howe, 23]

Apemosyne

raped by Hermes; killed by brother for immorality. [Gk. Myth.: Zimmerman, 25]

Arne

blinded by stepfather Desmontes after he learned she had been raped and was pregnant. [Gk. Myth.: Howe, 39]

Aziz, Dr.

accused of attempted rape but acquitted when his supposed victim realizes she must have been hallucinating. [Br. Lit.: Forster Passage to India in Magill I, 713]

Belinda

violated tonsorially. [Br. Lit.: The Rape of the Lock]

Caenis

changed into a man by Poseidon after he raped her. [Gk. Myth.: Zimmerman, 46]

Cassandra

raped by Ajax the Less on the night Troy fell. [Gk. Myth.: Brewer Dictionary, 17]

Creusa

raped by Apollo; bore Janus. [Gk. Myth.: Kravitz, 68]

Cunegonde

ravished in her father’s castle by two Bulgarian soldiers. [Fr. Lit.: Candide]

Danaë Zeus

raped her, posing as a golden shower. [Gk. Myth.: Kravitz, 74]

Drake, Temple

provocative co-ed whose actions invite the rape she both fears and desires. [Am. Lit.: Faulkner Sanctuary]

Elvira

peasant girl raped by lusting nobleman. [Span. Lit.: The King, the Greatest Alcalde]

Europa

seduced by Jupiter as bull; raped when he changes back. [Rom. Lit.: Metamorphoses; Gk. Myth.: Hall, 259]

Lavinia

raped and mutilated by Demetrius and Chiron. [Br. Lit.: Titus Andronicus]

Leda

raped by Zeus in form of swan. [Class. Myth.: Zimmer-man, 149; Rom. Lit.: Metamorphoses; Br. Lit.: Faerie Queene]

Lucretia

blackmailed into sex by despicable Sextus; commits suicide afterwards. [Rom. Lit.: Fasti; Livy; Br. Lit.: “The Rape of Lucrece”; Art: Hall, 259]

Philomela

raped by Tereus, who cut out her tongue to prevent her from revealing the act. [Gk. Myth.: Benét, 783]

Tamar

raped by her half-brother, Amnon. [O.T.: II Samuel 13:11–14]