Red Cloud, 1822–1909, Native North American chief, leader of the Oglala Sioux. He led the Native American warfare against the establishment of the Bozeman Trail (see Bozeman, John M Bozeman Trail. Several parties, including one guided by Bozeman himself, used the trail in 1864, and in 1865–66 the federal government built forts Reno, Phil Kearney, and C. F. Smith to guard it. However, after the Fetterman Massacre, Dec.
..... Click the link for more information. .). The Fetterman Massacre (see Fetterman, William Judd Fetterman massacre occurred when, despite his unfamiliarity with frontier conditions and methods of indigenous fighting, he volunteered to lead a party of 80 men on supply escort duty.
..... Click the link for more information. ) in 1866 led to partial abandonment of the trail. Red Cloud's continual hostility led the government finally to abandon completely (1868) the trail and the forts built to protect it. After signing a treaty he lived in peace with the whites, although he was later charged with duplicity in encouraging hostile Native Americans. Deposed as chief in 1881, he lived thereafter in retirement on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota.

Bibliography

See J. C. Olson, Red Cloud and the Sioux Problem (1965).

Red Cloud

orig. Mahpiua Luta

(born 1822, on the Platte River, Nebraska Territory, U.S.—died Dec. 10, 1909, Pine Ridge Agency, S.D.) American Indian leader. The principal chief of the Oglala Teton Dakota (Sioux), he led the opposition of both the Sioux and the Cheyenne to the U.S. government's development of the Bozeman Trail to goldfields in the Montana Territory (1865–67). Relentlessly attacking workers along the route from Fort Laramie (in modern Wyoming) to Montana, he refused offers to negotiate until the U.S. agreed to halt the project, whereupon he laid down his arms and allowed himself to be settled on the Red Cloud Agency in Nebraska.

Red Cloud (b. Makhpiya-luta) (1822–1909) Oglala Sioux chief; born near the Platte River in present-day Nebraska. He was chosen chief over the hereditary candidate because of his intelligence, strength, and bravery. Between 1865–68, he led and effectively won "Red Cloud's war," closing the Bozeman trail (in present-day Montana), and forcing the U.S. government to destroy its forts along the trail and to sign the Fort Laramie Treaty (1868), in which the latter accepted the territorial claims of the Sioux in exchange for peace. Although he did not hesitate to criticize the conduct of the U.S. government and its agents, Red Cloud never again went to war against the U.S.A. He made several visits to Washington, D.C., and did speaking tours in Eastern cities, lecturing in 1870 at the Cooper Institute in New York City. Despite his peaceful ways, he was removed by the government from his position as chief in 1877, and he and his people were removed to the Pine Ridge Agency in South Dakota.

red cloud

indicates disaster is impending. [Eastern Folklore: Jobes, 350]

See : Disaster

red cloud

indicates military conflict. [Eastern Folklore: Jobes, 350]

See : War