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sailing directions |
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The Portuguese did not rely exclusively on their own observations, but took the obvious, commonsense steps of obtaining local charts and sailing directions, and employing local pilots. In synergy with, and yet in stark contrast to the article in this issue on digital mapping, As it Was details some of the history of hydrography and cartography, from the earliest form of sailing directions of the 95 to 130 AD era, known as periploi, to an underwater trilateration survey of offshore oil rig pipe lines carried out in 1976. Her intelligence reports, "Submarine Supplements to the Sailing Directions," predicted the presence of thermoclines, or areas of rapid water temperature change, under which a submarine could hide to escape enemy detection by surface sonar. |
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