tax

Government levy on persons, groups, or businesses. Taxes are a general obligation of taxpayers and are not paid in exchange for any specific benefit. They have existed since ancient times—property taxes and sales taxes were known in ancient Rome—but tariffs were favoured over internal taxes as a source of revenue. In modern economies, there has been a trend away from tariffs in favour of internal taxes, which provide the majority of revenues. Taxes have three functions: to cover government spending, to promote stable economic growth, and to lessen inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth. They have also been used for nonfiscal reasons, such as to encourage or discourage certain activities (e.g., cigarette consumption). Taxes may be classified as direct or indirect. Direct taxes are those that the taxpayer cannot shift onto someone else; they are mainly taxes on persons and are based on an individual's ability to pay as measured by income or net wealth. Direct taxes include income taxes, taxes on net worth, death duties (i.e., inheritance and estate taxes), and gift taxes. Indirect taxes are those that can be shifted in whole or in part to someone other than the person legally responsible for payment. These include excise taxes, sales taxes, and value-added taxes. Taxes may also be classified according to the effect they have on the distribution of wealth. A proportional tax is one that imposes the same relative burden on all taxpayers, unlike progressive taxes and regressive taxes.

tax

a compulsory financial contribution imposed by a government to raise revenue, levied on the income or property of persons or organizations, on the production costs or sales prices of goods and services, etc.

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No references found	Written by 28 American academics, researchers, and government analysts, the text includes an introductory overview followed by nine contributions--eight paired with expert commentary--which provide background on recent property tax trends, examine several significant responses to the increasing importance of residential property, estimate the extent of property tax base erosion and its effects, and consider other topics related to property tax base erosion. Erosion of the property tax base; trends, causes, and consequences by Reference & Research Book News ISLAMABAD, September 05, 2009 (Balochistan Times): Bolstering tax collection is a central part of policy to overcome Pakistan macro-economic weakness and sustain development, indicated a report tilted Pakistan tax policy report- Tapping Tax Base for Development. Increasing tax collection crucial for macroeconomic stability: Study by Balochistan Times (Baluchistan Province, Pakistan) Each year, the commercial and industrial tax base shrinks, increasing the burden on both residents and businesses alike. Residents shoulder burden of Worcester's dual tax rate by Telegram & Gazette (Worcester, MA)	Tavoy Tavrichanka Tavricheskoe Tavrida Tavrida Soviet Socialist Republic Tavriia Tavrizian, Mikhail Tavrizian, Mikhail Arsenevich Tawantin-Suyu Tawas Point State Park Tawau Tawfiq al- Hakim Tawfiq Yusif Al-Wad tawing TAWK Tawney, James Albertus Tawney, Lenore Tawney, Richard Henry tawny Tawny Eagle tawny owl TAWPI tawse tax tax abatement tax base Tax Concessions tax evasion tax exemption Tax Farming Tax in Kind Tax in Kind, The Tax Rate tax shelter Tax, Sol taxa Taxaceae Taxales taxamanil taxation Taxco taxel Taxes Taxi taxi channel taxi-channel lights Taxic Collector Taxidermy Taxil, Leo Taxil, Léo Taxila	Tax Aspects tax assessment tax assessment tax assessment tax assessment tax assessment Tax Assessments Tax Assessments tax assessor tax assessor tax assessor tax assessor Tax Assessor Collectors Association of Texas Tax Assessors Tax Assessors Tax Assessors Tax Assessors Tax Assistant Examination Tax audit Tax Audits Tax Authority Master tax avoidance tax avoidance tax avoidance tax avoidance Tax avoidance and tax evasion Tax avoidance and tax evasion Tax avoidance and tax evasion Tax avoidance and tax evasion Tax Aware Management Addressing Risk Asset Allocation and Cost tax base Tax Bases Tax Bases Tax basis Tax basis Tax basis Tax basis Tax basis tax benefit Tax Benefit Reference Manual Tax Benefit Rule tax bill Tax Board of Review Tax bond Tax bond Tax bond Tax bond Tax bond Tax Book Tax books tax boost tax bounty hunter tax bracket tax bracket Tax brackets Tax brackets Tax brackets Tax brackets Tax brackets tax break tax break

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Written by 28 American academics, researchers, and government analysts, the text includes an introductory overview followed by nine contributions--eight paired with expert commentary--which provide background on recent property tax trends, examine several significant responses to the increasing importance of residential property, estimate the extent of property tax base erosion and its effects, and consider other topics related to property tax base erosion.

Erosion of the property tax base; trends, causes, and consequences by Reference & Research Book News

ISLAMABAD, September 05, 2009 (Balochistan Times): Bolstering tax collection is a central part of policy to overcome Pakistan macro-economic weakness and sustain development, indicated a report tilted Pakistan tax policy report- Tapping Tax Base for Development.

Increasing tax collection crucial for macroeconomic stability: Study by Balochistan Times (Baluchistan Province, Pakistan)

Each year, the commercial and industrial tax base shrinks, increasing the burden on both residents and businesses alike.

Residents shoulder burden of Worcester's dual tax rate by Telegram & Gazette (Worcester, MA)

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