BMDL10 values were: 56, 0.36, 0.25 and 28mg [kg.sup.-1] of body weight per day were used for acetaldehyde (LACHENMEIER et al., 2009),
acrolein (ATSDR, 2007), EC (SCHLATTER et al., 2010) and formaldehyde (MONAKHOVA et al., 2012), respectively, as already mentioned in a previous study (FERREIRA et al.
Acrolein disrupts vital components in cell membranes called lipids.
Every 15 breaths taken from e-cigarette correspond to one cigarette, and 0.20-5.6 [micro]g of formaldehyde, 0.11-1.136 [micro]g of acetaldehyde, 0.07-4.19 [micro]g of
acrolein, and 0.02-0.63 [micro]g of toluene is taken on average.
Acrolein, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, and butyraldehyde (99.5%) were purchased from Quality Control Chemicals INC (USA); acetone and butanone (>99%) were purchased from Fisher (UK); deionized/distilled water was made by Thermo Scientific GenPure.
The toxic effects are due to the production of
acrolein produced from the allyl side chains of this aliphatic disulphide.
Oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) can produce more neurotoxic molecules such as malondialdehyde (MDA), 4 hydroxynonenal (HNE), and
acrolein [22, 23].
Some reactive carbonyls (e.g.,
acrolein, crotonaldehyde, glyoxal, acetone, and formaldehyde) are ubiquitous industrial pollutants which can readily enter the cell from the environment [16-18].
CP is metabolically activated via hepatic microsomes forming two active metabolites, namely, phosphoramide mustard and
acrolein [39].
Finally, the company wants to increase its limit on hydrogen chloride emissions, while reducing its thresholds on other hazardous pollutants such as formaldehyde,
acrolein and styrene.