The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). It might be outdated or ideologically biased.

Hypertension, Secondary

(also symptomatic hypertension), a pathological state arising as a syndrome or symptom of a disease and characterized by an increase in arterial pressure. Often it is precisely secondary hypertension that determines the severity of the fundamental disease.

The most frequent causes of secondary hypertension are kidney diseases, including renal hypertension with diffuse glomerulonephritis, nephropathy during pregnancy, pyelonephritis, and anomalies in the development of the uro-poietic system. Secondary hypertension usually accompanies congenital or acquired diseases of the main renal arteries and the aorta, including coarctation and pulseless disease caused by panarteritis of the aorta and its branches. It is often the principal clinical manifestation of such endocrine diseases as pheo-chromocytoma, Itsenko-Cushing’s disease, and primary hyper-aldosteronism or of such diseases of the central nervous system as craniocerebral trauma.

The selection and effectiveness of a treatment method, including surgical treatment, are determined by the characteristics

Table 1. Classification of metal ions
Analytical group	Group composition	Group reagent	Solubility of salts
I	K⁺, Na⁺, NH4⁺, and others	None	Soluble
II	Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ca²⁺, and others	(NH₄)₂CO₃	Sulfides are soluble;carbonates are practically insoluble in water
III	Al3⁺, Cr³⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, and others	(NH₄)₂S	Sulfides (or hydroxides) are soluble in dilute acids
IV	first subgroup: Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, Bi³⁺, Pb²⁺, and others second subgroup: As(III), As(V), Sb(III), Sn(II), and others	H₂S(in the presence of HCl) H₂S(in the presence of HCl)	Sulfides insoluble in (NH₄)₂S_n and dilute acids Sulfides insoluble in dilute acids, soluble in(NH₄)₂S_n
V	Ag⁺, [Hg₂]²⁺, Cu(II), and others	HCl	Chlorides slightly soluble in water and dilute acids

of the basic disease and the mechanism of the pathogenesis of secondary hypertension. With many diseases, secondary hypertension develops as a protective (compensatory) reaction directed toward the preservation of an adequate blood supply to vitally important organs; in such cases, arterial pressure is not lowered to its normal level. Thus, the problem of whether or not to lower arterial pressure with pulseless disease or atherosclerosis of the aorta is resolved cautiously in order not to produce ischemia of the brain and other organs.

REFERENCE

Ratner, N. A. Arterial’nye giperlonii. Moscow, 1974.

F. M. PALEEVA

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References in periodicals archive

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A push to screen for earlier diagnosis of hypertension

Primary aldosteronism is now considered one of the common causes of secondary hypertension. Cross-sectional and prospective studies report PA in >5% and possibly >10% of hypertensive patients, both in general and in specialty settings [1, 2, 8, 9].

Coexistence of Primary Hyperaldosteronism and Graves' Disease, a Rare Combination of Endocrine Disorders: Is It beyond a Coincidence--A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Coronary heart disease and secondary hypertension have also been excluded by coronary angiography and much testing at least in patient II/1 and II/3.

A Mitochondrial DNA A8701G Mutation Partly Associated with Maternally Inherited Hypertension and Dilated Cardiomyopathy in a Chinese Pedigree

In a cohort derived from the Oslo Renal Denervation Study, 83 patients were referred to a tertiary-level hospital for work-up of apparent treatment-resistant hypertension; [8] of these, 53 did not have true resistant hypertension, and the main reasons for this finding were poor drug adherence (32%), secondary hypertension (30%) and white-coat hypertension (15%).

Evaluation and management of patients referred to a tertiary-level hypertension clinic in Cape Town, South Africa

Dogs are more likely to have secondary hypertension, which means another disease is actually causing the high blood pressure.

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Two types of pulmonary hypertension can develop --primary hypertension and secondary hypertension. Primary hypertension, rare and less common than secondary hypertension, is inherited, and also develops from no known cause.

Pulmonary hypertension

In previous years, primary aldosteronism was attributed to less than one percent of all causes of secondary hypertension. However, recent research and increased utilization of aldosterone/ plasma renin ratio (ARR) as a method for screening has led to the understanding that majority of patients with PA are not hypokalemic, and the current literature now places the incidence of PA between 5-13 percent (2).

Persistent hypertension in a young woman: a classic presentation of Conn's syndrome

Pheochromocytoma: an easily overlooked cause of secondary hypertension WV Medical Journal 2009(Mar-Apr);105(2):10-12.

An atypical presentation of pheochromocytoma

Secondary hypertension is attributable to a medical condition or other specific cause, and may coexist with primary hypertension.

Is something keeping your blood pressure elevated? Identifying health problems, medications and other secondary causes of hypertension may help your blood pressure control

When it is caused by an underlying disease such as of the kidneys it is called secondary hypertension, and it can simply be considered a sign.

Why you need to rein in your blood pressure

Secondary Hypertension

Hypertension, Secondary

REFERENCE