accumulator

accumulator

1. a rechargeable device for storing electrical energy in the form of chemical energy, consisting of one or more separate secondary cells

2. Horse racing Brit a collective bet, esp on four or more races, in which the stake and winnings on each successive race are carried forward to become the stake on the next, so that both stakes and winnings accumulate progressively so long as the bet continues to be a winning one

3. 

a. a register in a computer or calculator used for holding the results of a computation or data transfer

b. a location in a computer store in which arithmetical results are produced

Accumulator

 

a device to accumulate energy for its subsequent utilization. Depending on the type of energy being accumulated, the following accumulators are used: electric, hydraulic, thermal, and inertial.

Electric accumulators—storage batteries—accumulate electrical energy by converting it into chemical energy, with a reverse conversion as required. They can be used repeatedly, their operational readiness being reestablished by means of a charge—that is, by running current through them in the direction opposite to the direction of the current during discharge. The first experiments in the building of an electrical accumulator were performed at the beginning of the 19th century by V. V. Petrov and J. Ritter. Especially significant contributions in the study of properties, development, and perfection of the design of storage batteries were made by the Russian scientists E. Kh. Lents, D. A. Lachinov, E. P. Tveritinov, N. N. Benardos, P. N. Iab-lochkov, M. P. Avenarius, the English physicist W. Grove, the Frenchman G. Plante, and many others (some 20,000 patents were registered until 1937 on the subject of lead accumulators throughout the world). In 1900, T. A. Edison invented a storage battery of the alkaline type which has been widely used. An electrical accumulator consists of two electrodes immersed in an electrolyte solution. The difference in the potential of the electrodes is the storage battery emf. The conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy in a closed circuit is based on a chemical (current-generating) reaction. The most widely used electrical accumulators, in terms of their electrochemical arrangement, are divided into lead (acid), cadmium-nickel, iron-nickel (alkaline), silver-zinc, and silver-cadmium (see Table 1).

A storage battery is characterized by its service life (the number of charge-discharge cycles obtainable without a significant decrease of its characteristics); its electrical charge (the term “capacity” is widely used), the amount of electricity in coulombs (C), kilocoulombs (kC), or ampere-hours (A-hr) which it is capable of delivering upon discharge; average voltage in volts during charge and discharge; the specific energy in joules, kilojoules, or watt-hours available during the discharge of 1 kg of mass or 1 cubic decimeter of volume; and the energy delivery or efficiency (1 ampere-hour = 3,600 C; 1 watt-hour = 3,600 joules).

The area of application of Group I accumulators is in motor vehicles, aviation, and communications: for example, accumulator starter batteries of the 6ST-68EMS or 6TST-120EMS type and stationary storage batteries of the SN-1 and SN-3 type and others of closed construction, which are used in electric power stations and central stations for telegraph and telephone. Storage batteries of Group II are used in aviation, communications equipment, electrically powered vehicles, satellite equipment, and portable apparatus. For example, power storage batteries TNZh-300VM are used in electrical lift and stack trucks; sealed cadmium-nickel batteries of the KNGM-10D type in mining lamps; KNG-1D in prosthetic devices with bioelectric control; and KNGTs-3D and disk batteries and storage batteries of types D-0.06, D-0.1, D-0.25. and 7D-0.1 in supplying miniature radio receivers, flashlights, hearing aids, photoflashes, and the like. Storage batteries of Groups III and IV are used in aviation, communications equipment, motion picture cameras, and so on.

Hydraulic accumulators serve for the equalization of pressure or flow of fluid or gas in hydraulic devices. There are load accumulators and air accumulators with and without pistons. Hydraulic accumulators are utilized in systems with rapidly changing fluid or gas flow. During periods of decreased requirements the accumulator accumulates fluid (gas) entering from the pumps (compressors) and supplies it during bursts of high demand. The accumulator consists of a reservoir, usually cylindrical in shape, with a freely moving piston inside. Fluid under pressure is pumped into the reservoir, which is maintained at constant pressure as a result of the external influence upon the piston of a load or of air from a pneumatic system connected to it. In accumulators without a piston, constant pressure is maintained by the pressure of the pneumatic system connected directly to the reservoir of the accumulator, where the air pressure is equal to the fluid pressure. A pneumatic accumulator, a variant of the hydraulic accumulator, is utilized to decrease pressure fluctuations of the compressed air as desired in the pneumatic system. Pneumatic accumulators are used in large pneumatic systems, wind-driven electrical power stations, and so on. They consist of a reservoir connected to the air lines and fitted with a safety valve. The valve is set to a predetermined limiting pressure.

A thermal accumulator is used to store thermal energy for the purpose of equalizing thermal and power loads and for the prevention of interruptions in steam supply and energy supply in industrial installations.

An inertial accumulator is a moving body which has momentum content significantly exceeding the momentum of external forces acting upon this body. The most frequently used inertial accumulator is a rotating flywheel (for example, the inertial drive widely utilized in children’s toys).

Table 1. Basic types of electrical accumulators
Storage battery type	Group	Electrochemical system	Discharge potential(V)	Maximum electric current density		Specific energy		Service life (cycles )
				A/m2	mA/cm2	kJ/kg	W-hr/kg
Lead (acid) ...............	I	(+) PbOa H2S04)Pb (-)	2.0–1.8	1,000	100	35–110	10–30	200–500
Cadmium-nickel and iron-nickel (alkaline) .....	II	(+) NiOOH(KOH)Cd (-)	1.3–1.0	500–2,000	50–200	70–125	20–35	1,000–3,000
		(+) NiOOH(KOH)Fe (-)	1.3–1.0	500	50	90–126	25–35
Silver-zinc ................	III	(+) Ag20 (KOH)Zn (-)	1.5–1.3	1,000–2,000	100–200	360–430	100–120	20–100
Silver-cadmium ............	IV	(+) Ag20(KOH)Cd (— 1)	1.1–0.9	300–500	30–50	215–250	60–70	50–500

REFERENCES

Terent’ev, B. P. Elektropitanie radioustroistv, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1958.
Vinal, G. W. Akkumuliatornye batarei, 4th ed. Moscow-Leningrad, 1960. (Translated from English.)
Bagotskii, V. S., and V. N. Flerov. Noveishie dostizheniia v oblasti khimicheskich istochnikov toka. Moscow-Leningrad, 1963.

accumulator

[ə′kyü·myə‚lād·ər]

(aerospace engineering)

A device sometimes incorporated in the fuel system of a gas-turbine engine to store fuel and release it under pressure as an aid in starting.

(chemical engineering)

An auxiliary ram extruder on blow-molding equipment used to store melted material between deliveries.

(computer science)

A specific register, in the arithmetic unit of a computer, in which the result of an arithmetic or logical operation is formed; here numbers are added or subtracted, and certain operations such as sensing, shifting, and complementing are performed. Also known as accumulator register; counter.

(electricity)

storage battery

(engineering)

air vessel

(mechanical engineering)

A device, such as a bag containing pressurized gas, which acts upon hydraulic fluid in a vessel, discharging it rapidly to give high hydraulic power, after which the fluid is returned to the vessel with the use of low hydraulic power.

A device connected to a steam boiler to enable a uniform boiler output to meet an irregular steam demand.

A chamber for storing low-side liquid refrigerant in a refrigeration system. Also known as surge drum; surge header.

(petroleum engineering)

A tank or chamber for receiving and temporarily storing a liquid used in a gas processing plant during a continuous process.

accumulator

1. In a refrigeration system, a storage chamber for low-side liquid refrigerant; also called a surge drum or surge header.

2. In a refrigerant circuit, a vessel whose volume is used to reduce pulsation.

accumulator

Accumulators.

i. A reservoir that supplies fluid under pressure, when desired. In a typical hydraulic system, it consists of a steel cylinder closed at one end and connected to the pressure line at the other, as well as a floating piston. The piston separates hydraulic fluid from compressed nitrogen/air. Hydraulic fluid under pressure can be stored in the system. The accumulator reduces the pump's peak demands, dampens the pressure ripple, and acts as a reserve of fluid and an emergency power source.
ii. A device sometimes incorporated into the fuel system of a gas turbine engine to store and release fuel under pressure as an aid in starting. Also called a collector.
iii. A device for storing fuel in a fuel tank for inverted flying.
iv. In pneumatic and oxygen systems, the reservoir where compressed air or oxygen is stored.
v. An electrical storage battery that can be recharged.

accumulator

(processor)

In a central processing unit, a register in which intermediate results are stored. Without an accumulator, it would be necessary to write the result of each calculation (addition, multiplication, shift, etc.) to main memory and read them back. Access to main memory is slower than access to the accumulator which usually has direct paths to and from the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU).

The canonical example is summing a list of numbers. The accumulator is set to zero initially, each number in turn is added to the value in the accumulator and only when all numbers have been added is the result written to main memory.

Modern CPUs usually have many registers, all or many of which can be used as accumulators. For this reason, the term "accumulator" is somewhat archaic. Use of it as a synonym for "register" is a fairly reliable indication that the user has been around for quite a while and/or that the architecture under discussion is quite old. The term in full is almost never used of microprocessor registers, for example, though symbolic names for arithmetic registers beginning in "A" derive from historical use of the term "accumulator" (and not, actually, from "arithmetic"). Confusingly, though, an "A" register name prefix may also stand for "address", as for example on the Motorola 680x0 family.

2. <programming> A register, memory location or variable being used for arithmetic or logic (as opposed to addressing or a loop index), especially one being used to accumulate a sum or count of many items. This use is in context of a particular routine or stretch of code. "The FOOBAZ routine uses A3 as an accumulator."

accumulator

A hardware register used to hold the results or partial results of arithmetic and logical operations.