Allopatry

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Related to Allopatry: sympatry

Allopatry

a widely distributed type of species formation in which new species arise from populations with nonoverlapping areas. Any population or group of populations which has been isolated geographically for an extended period of time inevitably acquires specific characteristics associated with genetic changes, mainly with differences in the direction and intensity of natural selection. In the Galapagos Islands, for example, species of finches have appeared which have adapted to living on a particular food. Some of them have developed into insectivores, others into granivores. In this instance, territorial isolation favored the speedy rise of new species.

Interbreeding upon encounter, and consequently the exchange of genetic information and leveling of the differences which have appeared, cannot take place if the isolation of the allopatric groups is total and the deviation has become rooted in heredity. In such cases, allopatric forms are recognized as new species. For example, species of herring gulls interconnected by a chain of subspecies do not interbreed in the wild while intermingling in the Baltic area. Allopatry may be inherent in groups either above or below the species level. There are transitional stages between allopatry and sympatry.

REFERENCES

Cain, A. Vid i ego evoliutsiia. Moscow, 1958. (Translated from English.)
Zavadskii, K. M. Vid i vidoobrazovanie. Leningrad, 1968.
Mayr, E. Zoologicheskii vid i evoliutsiia. Moscow, 1968. (Translated from English.)

A. V. IABLOKOV

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As a result of the influential work of Mayr (1963), ideas of speciation were dominated for many years by the importance of allopatry in initiating divergence (Coyne 1994; Howard & Berlocher 1998).

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With few exceptions, the various areas of sympatry and allopatry of these three mongooses in their native ranges are delineated by geographic features.

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Differentiated populations or incipient species currently separated by obvious geographic barriers provide some of the best evidence that allopatry is a common geographic mechanism of speciation (Mayr 1942; Carson and Kaneshiro 1976; Grant 1986; Lessios and Cunningham 1990; Knowlton et al.

Historical allopatry and the biogeography of speciation in the prosobranch snail genus Nucella

Amaral's (1944) arrangement is not followed here because of the absence of allopatry among the color pattern types.

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Flycatcher song in allopatry and sympatry-convergence, divergence and reinforcement.

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For example, diet of sympatric species of Myotis showed evidence of increased specialization versus the diet of the same species in allopatry, suggesting the species were partitioning food where they overlapped geographically (Husar, 1976).

Trophic ecology of the free-tailed bats Nyctinomops femorosaccus and Tadarida brasiliensis (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in Big Bend National Park, Texas

Review of the genus Sinaloa (Arididae: Melanoplinae): syntopy and allopatry in the lowlands of western Mexico.

Contribution to geographic distribution of some Mexican Melanoplinae and description of a new species

carolinensis tended to perch lower in allopatry than when it was sympatric with A.

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In some zones there must be effectively neutral introgression between taxa that diverged in allopatry, and then reestablished contact without having evolved reproductive isolation.