electrophoresis

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electrophoresis

(ĭlĕk'trōfərē`sĭs): see colloidcolloid
[Gr.,=gluelike], a mixture in which one substance is divided into minute particles (called colloidal particles) and dispersed throughout a second substance. The mixture is also called a colloidal system, colloidal solution, or colloidal dispersion.
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Electrophoresis

(also cataphoresis), the migration of colloidal particles or ionized macromolecules under the influence of an external electric field. Electrophoresis was discovered by F. F. Reuss in 1807; it is regarded as the most important electrokinetic phenomenon. An approximate relation between the velocity v of the moving particles and the electric field strength E is given by Smoluchowski’s equation:

where η is the viscosity of the medium, D is the dielectric constant, and £ is the electrokinetic potential.

Electrophoresis is used in electrochemistry to study the electric double layer and ion adsorption on a surface; it also has medical applications. In industry it is used to isolate natural rubber from latex, purify water, and separate kaolin from sand. It is used in biochemistry to analyze, separate, and purify biopolymers (chiefly proteins), bacterial cells, viruses, amino acids, and vitamins.

The practical application of electrophoresis began after the Swedish scientist A. Tiselius designed a special apparatus for the moving-boundary electrophoresis of proteins in solution (1937). Electrophoretic methods involving the use of inert carriers, such as paper and gels, have gained the widest application. They have been given the general designation of zone electrophoresis because fractions of the separate substances form separate immiscible zones in the carrier. Electrophoresis is frequently combined with other methods of separating organic compounds, for example, with chromatography. A technique has been developed for concentrating the electrophoretic zones of biopolymers in gels, which increases the resolving power of the method (disk electrophoresis). The combining of the antigen-antibody reaction with electrophoresis was the basis for the creation of immunoelectrophoresis. Electrophoretic analysis of biological fluids, such as blood serum (used primarily to study proteins), is widely used in the diagnosis of many diseases.

REFERENCES

Larskii, E. G. Melody zonal’nogo elektroforeza. Moscow, 1971.
Dukhin, S. S., and B. V. Deriagin. Elektroforez. Moscow, 1976.

N. N. CHERNOV

electrophoresis

[i‚lek·trō·fə′rē·səs]

(physical chemistry)

An electrochemical process in which colloidal particles or macromolecules with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. Also known as cataphoresis.

electrophoresis

The science of objects moving in a fluid when an electric charge is applied. Electrophoresis is the basis of E Ink's electronic paper display technology (see E Ink).

References in periodicals archive ?

The digested products were electrophoretically fractionated in 3% agarose gels (Sigma) with 0.

Molecular characterization of the Chilean blue mussel (Mytilus chilensis Hupe 1854) demonstrates evidence for the occurrence of Mytilus galloprovincialis in southern Chile

However, under the assumption of separate evolution of the two ploidy components, unusually high mutation rates to electrophoretically identical alleles must be invoked to explain the observed intrapopulational homogeneity between the ploidy levels.

Genetical population structure in plants: gene flow between diploid sexual and triploid asexual dandelions (Taraxacum section Ruderalia)

Equal amounts of protein were resolved on 10% SDS-PAGE gels and electrophoretically transferred to polyvinylidense fluoride membranes (Immobilon P; Amersham, Buckinghamshire, UK).

Berberine inhibits TPA-induced MMP-9 and IL-6 expression in normal human keratinocytes

We also found that the increased concentrations of electrophoretically slow-moving LD isoenzymes in many gastric cancer cell lines are attributable to transcriptional silencing of LDHB expression by aberrant promoter methylation (4).

High lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 in a patient with malignant germ cell tumor is attributable to aberrant methylation of the LDHA gene

After separation by SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), polypeptides were transferred electrophoretically to an Immobilon-P membrane (Millipore, Bedford, MA) and reacted with antiserum directed against the 100-kilodalton (kD) PM-ATPase (PMA-1) from Arabidopsis thaliana (L.

Salt sensitivity and the activities of the H+-ATPases in cotton seedlings

Furthermore, three electrophoretically distinct minor forms of the enzyme have been found in other developmental stages of D.

Endogenous beta-galactosidase activity in the larval, pupal, and adult stages of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, indicates need for caution in lacZ fusion-gene studies

Proteins were separated on SDS-PAGE, electrophoretically transferred to a PVDF membrane, and probed with a specific rabbit antihuman ERK1/2 or p38 antibody according to the manufacturer's protocols.

Resveratrol enhances proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation in human mesenchymal stem cells via ER-dependent ERK1/2 activation

We tested serum samples from patients with AIH, positive for SLA by a modified inhibition ELISA (13) and radioligand assay (3), by immunoblotting on strips electrophoretically separated primate liver homogenate containing the cytosolic fraction (3).

Targets of antibodies to soluble liver antigen in patients with autoimmune hepatitis

The resulting progeny were assayed electrophoretically at a number of isozyme loci.

Floral correlates and fitness consequences of mating-system, variation in Turnera ulmifolia

The addition of a cesium chloride ultracentrifugation step permitted the recovery of high yields of spectrophotometrically and electrophoretically pure RNA preparations, irrespective of pigmentation or species.

Isolation of biologically functional RNA during programmed death of a colonial ascidian

Separated proteins were electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, blocked with 5% skim milk solution for 3h at 4 [degrees]C, and then incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4 [degrees]C.

Effect of sun ginseng methanol extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in rats

Electrophoretic comparisons of an adult and its brooded offspring have shown that the larvae of this species can be produced through outcrossed sexual reproduction (Ayre and Resing 1986), and preliminary surveys of four local populations revealed that most individuals were electrophoretically distinct (i.

Evidence for restricted gene flow in the viviparous coral Seriatopora hystrix on Australia's Great Barrier Reef