exile
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exile
, in politics and governmentExile
in Soviet criminal law, a punishment consisting of the removal of a convicted person from the place of his residence, with obligatory settlement in a certain locality for the term imposed in the sentence.
Exile may be applied as the basic punishment if the character and degree of social danger of the committed crime and the personality of the guilty person give reason to believe he can be rehabilitated without isolation from society but on condition of his removal from the milieu in which the crime was committed. Exile may be imposed as a supplementary punishment only in instances indicated in the law (such as arts. 91 and 117 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR). It may also be applied when the unserved part of a term of deprivation of freedom is replaced with milder punishment. Persons who have not reached the age of 18 at the time of commission of a crime, pregnant women (regardless of whether conception occurred before or after pronouncement of the sentence), and women with dependent children under eight years of age cannot be exiled.
The procedures and conditions of exile are regulated by correctional labor legislation. The legal regime for serving a term of exile consists in limitation of freedom of movement to within the administrative district to which the convicted person has been exiled. The convicted person must register each month with the organs of internal affairs and must inform such organs of any change in place of residence or work at least three days prior to such change. The working conditions of persons serving terms of exile are regulated by labor legislation. The time spent working during exile is included in the individual’s total length of service and in the length of service in his specialty.
In modern bourgeois states, exile was introduced as a measure of criminal punishment as early as the 15th and 16th centuries. Criminals were exiled from Great Britain to America until 1776 and to Australia until 1852, a practice that brought in settlers for the new lands. Relegation (exile) of recidivists from France, chiefly to former French Guiana and New Caledonia, was common until 1946. The difficult climate in places of exile led to the death of most exiles, so that exile came to be called the dry guillotine. In France, deportation was a special type of exile.
Exile has survived in some Western European countries in the 20th century. Until 1974, political prisoners were exiled from Portugal to the African colonies. Between 1967 and 1974, during the military dictatorship in Greece, political prisoners were exiled to islands in the Aegean Sea.