Detection of the direct alcohol biomarker ethyl
glucuronide (EtG) in hair: an annotated bibliography, http://www.
Quantification of cannabinoids and their free and
glucuronide metabolites in whole blood by disposable pipette extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
2000) Resveratrol is absorbed in the small intestine as resveratrol
glucuronide.
In enzymatic hydrolysis, [beta]-glucuronidase is introduced to cleave the
glucuronide bond on the drug metabolite, resulting in free drug compounds.
Bisphenol-A (BPA), BPA
glucuronide, and BPA sulfate in midgestation umbilical cord serum in a northern and central California population.
In vivo metabolism studies showed that after oral administration of emodin, phase I and II metabolites such as o-hydroxyemodin,
glucuronide and sulfate conjugates could be found in rat urine and other body fluid [12, 13].
The results confirmed that silymarin's phenolic compounds undergo extensive metabolism, as do almost all flavonoids, forming sulphate and
glucuronide conjugates through the action of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and sulphotransferases (SULTs) in the small intestine and liver.
Conjugation occurs mainly in the liver, and most conjugation reactions involve the attachment of a
glucuronide molecule to the drug.
For example, measurement of ethyl
glucuronide (EtG) from hair is increasingly used for determining chronically increased alcohol consumption.
Up on the administration of the Halogenated derivative the main metabolites formed in vivo by the phase II enzymes are the conjugates of
glucuronide and sulfate.
5,7] Febuxostat is a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor, has minimal effects on other enzymes involved in purine and pyrimidine metabolism [8], and is metabolized mainly by
glucuronide formation and oxidation in the liver.
The researchers believe that myricetin glucoside, quercetin glucoside,
glucuronide and dirhamnoside contributed to the antimicrobial activity of the extracts.
