The researcher explained how the new test technology uses various forms of carbohydrates that can capture the
hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, and via a colour change or other signal, indicate both infection and the specific type or strain of flu virus.
(11.) Krammer F, Margine I, Tan GS, Pica N, Krause JC, Palese P A carboxy-terminal trimerization domain stabilizes conformational epitopes on the stalk domain of soluble recombinant
hemagglutinin substrates.
Other currently licensed seasonal influenza vaccines for adults are formulated to contain a total of 45 mcg of influenza virus
hemagglutinin (15 mcg HA from each of the three influenza strains per dose).
Thirty-nine study participants received MVA-H5-serumfree Munich-Rotterdam (sfMR), which encoded
hemagglutinin of influenza virus A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1), and 40 received vector control.
The genes code for the proteins
hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which help flu viruses enter and infect cells.
For influenza A viruses, modifications of N-linked glycosylation sites in the globular head of the
hemagglutinin protein have been linked to changes in virulence, antigenicity, receptor-binding preference, fusion activity, and immune evasion (4).
The samples were analyzed on grounds of drinking water, feces, contaminated soil, and cloacal and tracheal swabs, where the chicken, pigeon and environmental sample isolates showed that six internal genes were derived from avian H9N2 viruses, but the ancestor of their
hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes is unknown.
The introduced viral genes encode a surface protein called
hemagglutinin (HA), an enzyme known as neuraminidase (NA), and two proteins dubbed M1 and M2.
Staff further studied the specimen with conventional RT-PCR primers and probes for the
hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genomes.
Kawaoka explained that the majority of the viruses in the study, from both humans and birds, display mutations in the surface protein
hemagglutinin, which the pathogen uses to bind to host cells.