Reasons for uncontrolled reflux despite PPI in our patients might therefore include lack of compliance, suboptimal dosing, or PPI
hypermetabolism. Esophageal pH impedance monitoring while on therapy may therefore be valuable tool to ensure adequate acid suppression among patients with ISS who have documented GERD.
We also observed
hypermetabolism in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, which has been shown to be associated with anxiety [70] and with behavioral responses to unfamiliar things [71].
There is no test that can be applied acutely to distinguish MH from other causes of
hypermetabolism or hyperthermia [4].
Subsequent whole-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging demonstrated
hypermetabolism of both penile lesions with a maximum standard uptake value ([SUV.sub.max]) of 19.9 (Figures 1(d) and 3).
The extension assessment did not show extrathoracic localization, especially a PET SCAN, which did not show extrathoracic
hypermetabolism, particularly in the soft tissues, which is, a priori, a fundamental element of the primitive character of the tumor.
Intriguingly enough, this neuroimaging study, together with the ketamine-induced animal model of schizophrenia, implicates that elevation in extracellular glutamate triggers hippocampal
hypermetabolism and atrophy, both of which are pathogenic abnormalities related to psychosis [38].
The network of molecular mediators that regulate M2 polarization in response to
hypermetabolism is not fully understood, but peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1[alpha]) and PPAR-[gamma] target genes, such as arginase-1 and CD36, are implicated in this process.
The secondary damage is due to (1) cytotoxicity of the blood; (2) excitotoxicity, due to the release of excitatory amino acids like glutamate from injured neurons; (3) spreading depression, a slow and short-lived depolarization wave that propagates through the brain; (4)
hypermetabolism, a state of increased energy expenditure in response to injury; and (5) oxidative stress and inflammation [16].
Rheumatoid cachexia: cytokine-driven
hypermetabolism accompanying reduced body cell mass in chronic inflammation.
(14) demonstrated
hypermetabolism in TCC of the upper urinary tract and suggested that FDG-PET imaging might be also useful in detecting primary and metastatic lesions of TCC of the renal pelvis.
Conclusions: Higher relapse MPV in Relapse group but similar MPV levels in both groups at ATD withdrawal may be attributed to
hypermetabolism or hyperthyroidism rather than autoimmunity of GD.
Systemic metabolic response immediately after a burn leads to a state of
hypermetabolism, which can persist for up to twelve months after the initial event (Hart et al., 2000).