Benign parasites emerged, along with immune hosts, "
hyperparasites" and "cheaters."
Gliocladium catenulaum:
hyperparasite of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium species.
A
hyperparasite (Promuscidea unfasciativentris) was recorded from the mummies of A.
pubescens; bearing
hyperparasite Cabirops montereyensis n.
(1979), an unidentified worm, and the haplosporidian
hyperparasite of larval nematodes, previously reported by Lichtenfels et al.
Sense organs of the
hyperparasite Cheiloneurus noxius (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) important in host selection processes Ann.
Hence early detection of
hyperparasites is critical in order to ensure the establishment of invulnerable primary parasitoid population and ultimately mitigate the damage by hyperparasitism (Nofemela, 2013).
Ultrastructural description of an unidentified apicomplexan oocyst containing bacteria-like
hyperparasites in the gill of Crassostrea rhizophorae.
Comparative behavior and competition between two aphid
hyperparasites: Alloxysta victrix and Asaphes californicus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae; Pteromalidae).
For them, it is probable that the small size and external method of feeding displayed by Melittobia as well as the fact that it can operate as a
hyperparasites have eliminated most of its potential competitors for food in Jamaica, although both Melittobia and chrysidid wasps attack Aculeate in the U.S.A (Krombein, 1967) and in Trinidad (Taffe, 1979).