Hypophosphatasia. Best Prac Res Clin Rheumatol 2008;22:113-27.
Hypophosphatasia and the role of alkaline phosphatase in skeletal mineralization.
An early asfotase alfa study in perinatal and infantile
hypophosphatasia found that only one patient had HPP-related loss of a tooth after initiation of therapy [10].
For this reason, the disease has been divided into the following clinical sub-groups according to age at presentation: perinatal lethal
hypophosphatasia (PLH), prenatal benign
hypophosphatasia (PBH), infantile
hypophosphatasia, childhood
hypophosphatasia, adulthood
hypophosphatasia, and odontohypophosphatasia (odonto HPP).
Hypophosphatasia that has radiological and clinical features similar to AFF should be considered in differential diagnosis of AFF.
In the presence of bowed limbs, the prenatal differential diagnosis of CD must consider Cummings syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta type 2,
hypophosphatasia, and thanatophoric dysplasia.
Can occur in children and adolescents which include Papillon-Lefevre syndrome, cyclic neutropenia, agranulocytosis, Down syndrome,
hypophosphatasia and leucocyte adhesion deficiency.
Although this anomaly usually affects dental tissues, case reports have documented the presence of regional odontodysplasia with epidermal nevus syndrome [2, 3], hypoplasia of the affected side of the face [4],
hypophosphatasia [5], hydrocephalus and mental retardation [6], and ipsilateral vascular nevi [4, 7].
Autologous bone marrow transplantation has also been used in other pediatric skeletal diseases, such as osteopetrosis and infantile
hypophosphatasia, with promising results [92, 93].
This indicates a risk of
hypophosphatasia and neurological disorders, including epilepsy and disruption of myelin synthesis [235].
Other factors are previous damages to joints such as osteoarthritis, end-stage kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, hemochromatosis,
hypophosphatasia, hypomagnesemia, aging, and medications including diuretics.