The rectum is divided at the level of the
levators. At this level, there is no further mesorectum, and the rectum is largely seen as a muscular tube.
1B), the
levator mandibulae muscles shift so that they originate close to the anterior margin of the eye.
In the summer months, Turner sees an increase in patients with
levator scapula pain, largely due to air conditioning.
Musculoskeletal dysfunction--including tenderness and spasms of the
levator ani and piriformis--has been reported as a treatable cause of chronic pelvic pain.
Of the 212 patients with
levator ani tenderness, 23% had no previous surgeries, 61% had one-to-three surgeries, and 17% had more than three surgeries, compared with 30%, 60%, and 10%, respectively, of those without
levator ani tenderness.
It is theorized that when the
levator ani muscle loses tone it drops form a horizontal to a semi vertical position, causing a widened or open genital hiatus that predisposes the pelvic viscera to prolapse.
The normal adult upper lid is highest nasal to the pupil and covers 1-1.5 mm below the superior limbus.1,2 The basic etiology of ptosis is weakness of either of two elevators of the upper lid that include
levator palpebrae superioris and muller muscle.
Her
levator muscle strength was 11 mm for both eyes.
Under sterile conditions 2.5 units were injected at two sites per side.The injection was given at the labial component of the
levator labii superioris alequae nasii, at the bulge of the uppermost part of the nasolabial fold.12
Long-term correction of ptosis requires surgical manipulation of the
levator palpebrae superioris muscle and/or Muller's muscle.
Muscle flexibility of the upper trapezius,
levator scapula, serratus anterior, rhomboids, middle trapezius, lower trapezius, and pectoralis minor was measured.
Piriformis and
levator ani tenderness were positively associated with the number of painful abdominal-pelvic locations reported, pain associated with bowel movements, and higher Beck Depression Inventory and McGill Pain Questionnaire scores.
