The tooth is slightly damaged at the posterior side, hence the
metacone is not well differentiated.
The paracone and
metacone are sharp with their cristae running antero-posteriorly namely praeparacrista, postparacrista, praemetacrista and postmetacrista respectively.
Parastyle is usually observed on the mesiobuccal cusp (paracone) and rarely on the distobuccal cusp (
metacone) of the upper molars.
The paracone is somewhat taller and larger than the
metacone, and its apex shows a horizontal wear facet that extends onto the posterior crista.
Hypocone-metacone alternation in M1: 0 = no alternate, 1 = alternate,
metacone anteriorly to hypocone.
3 (most-derived dichobunoids [dichobunine Dichobune, hyperdichobunine dichobunids; might include other dichobunids with quadrate hypoconiferous Ms] plus caenotheriids); Ms relatively selenodont, quadrate; tritubercular distal lobe with distinct
metacone, metaconule, and hypocone; TV continuous; paraconule reduced/lost (OW).
In general, the P4 of amphicyonids is laterally compressed and the protocone is nearly in line with the paracone and
metacone as exhibited by SDSM 82105.
The transverse ridge posterior to the
metacone is well developed as in Recent S.
The paracone and
metacone are subequal in size with
metacone positioned slightly toward the midline (linguad).
For Phyllostomini, these include the anterior mesostyle and metastyle of [M.sup.1-2] ([ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 1A OMITTED], points 5-8); for Stenodermatini and Glossophagini, points were taken on the presumed paracone and
metacone of [M.sup.1] and paracone of [M.sup.2] ([ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 1B, C OMITTED], points 6-8).
The presence of rudimentary entostyles in some molars, the prominence of paracone rib as compared to the
metacone rib and the open p4 anterior valley as opposed to the partially closed posterior one, are the characters that strongly suggest their inclusion to an extinct Siwalik species G.
To determine cusp relief, we measured the depth of the valley between the paracone and
metacone cusps as well as the anteroposterior length of each tooth using the computer software ImageJ 1.47 (Rasband, 2013).