These include: Advanced cement bond logging and logging through multiple casings LWIV riserless P&A for subsea wells Next generation tubing and casing removal solutions Improved section milling tooling New barriers as an alternative to cement, like the use of natural barriers such as swelling shale and
swelling clay or squeezing salt Thermite and bismuth alloy plugs Finally, standard forms are emerging for the decommissioning market.
Alteration of
swelling clay minerals by acid activation, Applied Clay Science 44(1-2): 105-115.
of Boise, Idaho Amount: $2,399,730.90 Project: Elephant Butte
swelling clay reconstruction U.S.
Gerard, "Grafting of
swelling clay materials with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane," Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.
However, some previous research noted that cracking and hydraulic conductivity of
swelling clay or rocks are controlled by plasticity and swelling [27].
Montmorillonite mineral is regarded as
swelling clay for the reason that water molecules easily enter the interlayer along the silicon-oxygen plane, which will increase the distance between the layers and causing the volume expansion.
The firm required additional time to overcome difficulties of squeezing salt and a
swelling clay section which required the running of an extra casing interval.
However, it still remains one of the most difficult measurements to perform with a high degree of accuracy in
swelling clay soils, particularly at the wet end.
If
swelling clay minerals occur in the fractures, expansion of the clays may cause the fractures to close, reducing the water movement along the fractures.
Nitrate and chloride leaching in a
swelling clay soil.