On the contrary, after the girder erection, a considerable amount of immediate deflection and long-term deflection due to
dead loads such as topping and common duct partially offset the camber.
The initial shape of flexible cable under the
dead load g, considering the erection sequence, shall be expressed by the following equilibrium equation:
The vetor of elastic displacements [u.sub.e,c] of the structure subjected to the
dead load [F.sub.c] is calculated.
where RF = capacity reduction factor; [R.sub.n] = nominal capacity corresponding to the type of load for which the rating is being conducted (e.g., bending moment, shear, etc.); [n.sub.D] = number of
dead load comparisons; [n.sub.L] = number of live loads other than the rating vehicle; [[gamma].sub.Di] =
dead load factor in the ith
dead load; [[gamma].sub.Li] = live load factor for the ith live load other than the rating vehicle; [[gamma].sub.R] = live load factor for the rating vehicle; [L.sub.R] = nominal live load effect for the rating vehicle; and [m.sub.FLE] = factor to account for the significance of the overload to FLE.
(2002) conducted a numerical study on FA and PA walls carrying
dead load. They determined that PA walls carrying sufficient
dead load have strength similar to that of FA walls that are not carrying
dead load.
The additional
dead load applied to the floors accounts for items such as partitions, ceiling, mechanical ductwork, electrical items, plumbing, and so forth.
With this method, the bridge's
dead load is transferred through the rollers into the rack and then into the pivot pier as the bridge opens.
Main goal of defined procedure is to achieve desired shape of bridge deck under
dead load and to optimize the number of bearing and post-tensioning cables.
Many older homes weren't framed to handle that much
dead load. And new shingles just don't last as long over existing shingles due to the increased heat build-up in the mass of asphalt.
In general, locate the bolted field splices near the
dead load inflection points for continuous girders.