The mean value and standard deviation of the designed dead and
live loads for each girder are calculated based on the specifications provided in Section 3.
(i) The reliability of structures is nearly uniform for different load ratios when using the proposed combination; however, when using the combination of [[gamma].sub.D] = 1.4 and [[gamma].sub.L] = 1.4 the structural reliability tends to decrease as the values of load ratios [r.sub.c] (high
live load) decrease, which is undesirable.
where RF = capacity reduction factor; [R.sub.n] = nominal capacity corresponding to the type of load for which the rating is being conducted (e.g., bending moment, shear, etc.); [n.sub.D] = number of dead load comparisons; [n.sub.L] = number of
live loads other than the rating vehicle; [[gamma].sub.Di] = dead load factor in the ith dead load; [[gamma].sub.Li] =
live load factor for the ith
live load other than the rating vehicle; [[gamma].sub.R] =
live load factor for the rating vehicle; [L.sub.R] = nominal
live load effect for the rating vehicle; and [m.sub.FLE] = factor to account for the significance of the overload to FLE.
The
live load p applied on the bridge strains both the cable and the stiffening girder.
--Deck
live load of 40 psf and dead load of 10 psf (note that other gravity loads may control residential deck ledger design such as snow and concentrated loads such as planters; as well as lateral loads from wind or seismic);
Force change caused by
live load and temperature change ([H.sub.LIVE]--[H.sub.1(reo)]) is carried by cross section [A.sub.C2].
No doubt you're familiar with terms such as "dead load" and "
live load," but what do they really mean?
In addition, it must bear the weight of someone climbing up there to retrieve a Frisbee or to clean the gutters, and any extra weight from snow and ice or the force of the wind (the
live load).
At this point in the development of loss-of-weight feeding, there were still some disadvantages, one being the very large dead load to
live load ratio of the hopper and feeder equipment related to the actual ingredient quantity to be weighed.