Our results also demonstrated that miR-411, like miR-376c (shown before (22) and here), can promote
trophoblast cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.
Our results also showed that under low oxygen tension, there was increased in proliferation of
trophoblast; which would lead to increased in thickness of trophospongium zone, and decreased in differentiation of
trophoblast; which would lead to decreased in the number of giant cells.
The layer between 45% and 35% Percoll contained the
trophoblast cells; this was collected, suspended in DMEM, and centrifuged at 1200 rpm at room temperature for 10 min.
HLA-G immunoreactivity is specific for intermediate
trophoblast in gestational trophoblastic disease and can serve as a useful marker in differential diagnosis.
The blastocyst is surrounded by
trophoblast and thus everything will tend to the formation of chorionic villi; however, the
trophoblast from which the implantation began can grow further, causing greater branching of its chorionic villi.
Activation of distinct extracellular matrix (ECM) components and/or proteolytic degradation as well as the controlled variation in the cell-ECM and cell-cell interactions are important factors involved in inadequate remodeling of the spiral arteries and abnormal invasion of the
trophoblast in PE (8, 9).
Accreta complicating complete placenta previa is characterized by reduced systemic levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of the invasive
trophoblast. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;204:411.e1-411.e11.
Tissues were washed extensively with PBS and (i) immediately snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80[degrees]C for analysis of protein expression by Western blotting or for Ras activity as detailed below, (ii) fixed and paraffin embedded for immunohistochemical analysis, (iii) immediately used for explant studies, or (iv) for
trophoblast cell studies as detailed below.
In mice, the placenta is composed of
trophoblast giant cells (TGC), spongiotrophoblast cells (ST), and glycogen
trophoblast cells [8].
NK receptor ligands are expressed in invading placental
trophoblast cells, as reported by Vacca [22].
At the stage of 8 blastomeres, the blastocyst divides into embryoblast and
trophoblast.
Trophoblast forms villi and first primary, containing only the
trophoblast, then secondary, containing the stroma (embryonic mesenchyme), and later tertiary, containing the vessels (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)).