the movement of people from one country to another to establish permanent or temporary residence, usually with the aim of finding work. Emigration may be permanent or temporary, even seasonal. In seasonal emigration the time of stay is limited by contract or other terms of hire; for example, the emigrant may be allowed to stay for the gathering of the harvest. In addition to emigration for economic reasons, population movements take place for political, ethnic, and religious reasons. In the second half of the 20th century the principal waves of emigration have been from Western Europe to the USA, Canada, Australia, and several other countries—primarily permanent emigration—and from developing countries to Western Europe— usually temporary emigration by laborers who work for low wages. (See alsoHUMAN MIGRATION.)
V. V. POKSHISHEVSKII